Analects (论语)

The Analects (Lunyu) is a foundational collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius and his disciples.

Compiled during the Warring States period, it emphasizes moral cultivation and the development of the ‘superior man’ (junzi) through benevolence (ren) and ritual propriety (li). The text argues that social harmony is achieved when individuals fulfill their duties within hierarchical relationships, particularly through filial piety toward parents and loyalty to rulers. It remains a central text of Confucianism, profoundly shaping Chinese philosophy, ethics, and government for over two millennia.